Reference layout

281D Quad Function Generator

DunningtonAudio-281D-281D-layout

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DunningtonAudio-281D-281D-layout

The project archive carries the board, its project file and the upstream licence. The archive is zstd-compressed (tar.zst).

380Placed parts
268Nets
4Copper layers
104 × 158 mmBoard size
yesRouted
KiCad 5File format

Bill of materials

380 distinct parts

330 resolve to something in the catalog — click through to the footprint.

RefValueFootprintQty
C122uCapacitor_SMD:CP_Elec_5x5.3
C101220nCapacitor_SMD:C_2416_6041Metric
C10247nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C10347nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C111100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C112100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C113100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C114100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C115100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C116100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C117100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C118100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C19947nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C222uCapacitor_SMD:CP_Elec_5x5.3
C201220nCapacitor_SMD:C_2416_6041Metric
C20247nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C20347nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C211100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C212100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C213100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C29947nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C322uCapacitor_SMD:CP_Elec_5x5.3
C301220nCapacitor_SMD:C_2416_6041Metric
C30247nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C30347nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C311100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C312100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C313100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C314100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C315100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C316100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C317100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C318100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C39947nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C4100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C401220nCapacitor_SMD:C_2416_6041Metric
C40247nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C40347nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C411100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C412100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
Show the other 340
C413100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C49947nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C522uCapacitor_SMD:CP_Elec_5x5.3
C6100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C7100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C8100nCapacitor_SMD:C_0805_2012Metric
C_101220nCapacitor_THT:C_Rect_L7.0mm_W2.5mm_P5.00mm
C_201220nCapacitor_THT:C_Rect_L7.0mm_W2.5mm_P5.00mm
C_301220nCapacitor_THT:C_Rect_L7.0mm_W2.5mm_P5.00mm
C_401220nCapacitor_THT:C_Rect_L7.0mm_W2.5mm_P5.00mm
D1Red_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D101BAT54CPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
D102SZMM3Z10VST1GDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D103BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D104BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D105Red_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D106Yel_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D107/207BAT54CPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
D108BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D109BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D199BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D201BAT54CPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
D202SZMM3Z10VST1GDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D203BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D204BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D205Red_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D206Yel_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D208BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D299BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D301BAT54CPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
D302SZMM3Z10VST1GDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D303BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D304BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D305Red_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D306Yel_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D307/407BAT54CPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
D308BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D309BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D399BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D401BAT54CPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
D402SZMM3Z10VST1GDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D403BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D404BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D405Red_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D406Yel_3mmLED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D408BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
D499BAT54WSDiode_SMD:D_SOD-323
FIX_1M3MountingHole:MountingHole_3.2mm_M3_Pad_Via
FIX_2M3MountingHole:MountingHole_3.2mm_M3_Pad_Via
FIX_3M3MountingHole:MountingHole_3.2mm_M3_Pad_Via
H101M2.5MountingHole:MountingHole_2.5mm
H102M2.5MountingHole:MountingHole_2.5mm
J1QConnector_Wire:SolderWirePad_1x01_Drill1.2mm
J101108-0906-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J102108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J103108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J104108-0902-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J105108-0910-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J106108-0910-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J2-15VConnector_Wire:SolderWirePad_1x01_Drill1.2mm
J201108-0906-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J202108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J203108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J204108-0902-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J205108-0910-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J3+15VConnector_Wire:SolderWirePad_1x01_Drill1.2mm
J301108-0906-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J302108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J303108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J304108-0902-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J305108-0910-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J306108-0910-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J4+12VConnector_Wire:SolderWirePad_1x01_Drill1.2mm
J401108-0906-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J402108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J403108-0903-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J404108-0902-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
J405108-0910-001Buchla_Connectors:Johnson_108-09XX-001
L110uInductor_SMD:L_0805_2012Metric
L210uInductor_SMD:L_0805_2012Metric
L310uInductor_SMD:L_0805_2012Metric
M1Logo_150milDunnington:Logo_150mil
M2Mod_Indicator_1-10_150milDunnington:Mod_Indicator_1-10_150mil
M3Serial_Box_150milDunnington:Serial_Box_150mil
Q1MMBT3904Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q101DMMT3906WPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-363_SC-70-6
Q102MMBFJ201Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q103MMBT3904Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q201DMMT3906WPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-363_SC-70-6
Q202MMBFJ201Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q203MMBT3904Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q301DMMT3906WPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-363_SC-70-6
Q302MMBFJ201Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q303MMBT3904Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q401DMMT3906WPackage_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-363_SC-70-6
Q402MMBFJ201Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
Q403MMBT3904Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-23
R16k8Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R101100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1024k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R10315kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R10447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R10549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1065k6Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R10749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R10847kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R10947kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1101kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R111100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R112100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R11347kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R11447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R11549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1161kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R11749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1184M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1194k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1204M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R12147kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R122150kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R123680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R124680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R12547kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R12610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R127680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R12822kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1294k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1304k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1314k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1324k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R13322kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1346k8Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R13549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R13610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R137470kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R138100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1391MResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R14022kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R141100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R14211kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R14310kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1441kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R14511kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R14610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1471kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1485k6Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R14947kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R150100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R15111kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R15210kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1531kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R1994M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R222kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R201100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2024k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R20315kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R20447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R20549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2065k6Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R20749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R20847kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R20947kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2101kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R211100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R212100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R21347kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R21447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R21549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2161kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R21749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2184M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2194k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2204M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R22147kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R222150kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R223680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R224680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R22547kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R22610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R227680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R22822kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2294k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2304k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2314k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2324k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R23322kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2346k8Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R23549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R23610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R237470kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R238100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2391MResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R24022kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R241100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R24211kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R24310kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2441kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R24511kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R24610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2471kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R2994M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R301100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3024k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R30315kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R30447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R30549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3065k6Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R30749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R30847kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R30947kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3101kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R311100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R312100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R31347kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R31447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R31549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3161kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R31749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3184M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3194k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3204M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R32147kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R322150kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R323680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R324680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R32547kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R32610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R327680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R32822kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3294k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3304k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3314k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3324k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R33322kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3346k8Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R33549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R33610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R337470kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R338100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3391MResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R34022kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R341100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R34211kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R34310kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3441kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R34511kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R34610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3471kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3485k6Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R34947kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R350100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R35111kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R35210kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3531kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R3994M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R401100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4024k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R40315kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R40447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R40549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4065k6Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R40749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R40847kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R40947kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4101kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R411100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R412100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R41347kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R41447kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R41549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4161kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R41749k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4184M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4194k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4204M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R42147kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R422150kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R423680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R424680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R42547kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R42610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R427680RResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R42822kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4294k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4304k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4314k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4324k7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R43322kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4346k8Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R43549k9Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R43610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R437470kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R438100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4391MResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R44022kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R441100kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R44211kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R44310kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4441kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R44511kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R44610kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4471kResistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
R4994M7Resistor_SMD:R_0805_2012Metric
SW1SPDT_ON-OFF-ONNKK:M201xSS1x01
SW101SPDT_ON-OFF-ONNKK:M201xSS1x01
SW102SPDT_ON-ONNKK:M201xSS1x01
SW201SPDT_ON-OFF-ONNKK:M201xSS1x01
SW301SPDT_ON-OFF-ONNKK:M201xSS1x01
SW302SPDT_ON-ONNKK:M201xSS1x01
SW401SPDT_ON-OFF-ONNKK:M201xSS1x01
TR10150kPotentiometer_SMD:Potentiometer_Bourns_3314J_Vertical
TR20150kPotentiometer_SMD:Potentiometer_Bourns_3314J_Vertical
TR30150kPotentiometer_SMD:Potentiometer_Bourns_3314J_Vertical
TR40150kPotentiometer_SMD:Potentiometer_Bourns_3314J_Vertical
U1L78L10Package_TO_SOT_SMD:SOT-89-3
U101TL074Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U1024001Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U103/2034066Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U104/204LM13700Package_SO:SOIC-16_3.9x9.9mm_P1.27mm
U105/205TL074Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U2TL072Package_SO:SOIC-8_3.9x4.9mm_P1.27mm
U201TL074Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U2024001Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U301TL074Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U3024001Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U303/4034066Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U304/404LM13700Package_SO:SOIC-16_3.9x9.9mm_P1.27mm
U305/405TL074Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U401TL074Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
U4024001Package_SO:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm
VR10110kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR10210kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR20110kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR20210kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR203100kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RD901F-40-00D
VR30110kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR30210kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR40110kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR40210kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RV16AF-41-(L)R1-XXX
VR403100kBAlpha_Potentiometers:RD901F-40-00D

Provenance

Commit
unknown
Licence
CC-BY-4.0

How it is used

Trace's agent reads this design as context — what parts a board like this carries, how they are grouped across sheets, what a plausible layer stack and board size look like for the job. It is not copied. The licence above is permissive, and it, the repository and the commit are recorded so the origin of anything derived from it is always answerable.